Internal-combustion engine.



H. H. ROSENBERG.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.

APPLICATION F|LED DEC. la. m1.

1,182,587, lmwmd May 9, 19m.

SSHEETSSHEET I.

ijf.

Re H. RUSENBERG.

INTERNAL COMBUSTIUN ENGINE.

5 SHEETS-*SHEET 2V RA H. ROSENBERG.`

INTERNAL CGMBUSTION ENGINE.

.APPucATloN mio um. 1Q, 191|.

1 182 587, Patented May9,1916. 7 60 6I `9" 29, 5 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

R. H, ROSENBERG.

|NTERNAL COMBUSUON ENGINE.

APFLkCAI'ION FILED DEC. 15, 19H.

UNITED STATES PATENT GFFTQE.

RALPH H. ROSENBERG, OF COLUlvBUS, OHI.

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE.

(lent of Columbus. Franklin County. Ohio,

have. invented certain new :xml useful Tmlxrorexnents in nternal-Cnmhustion Engines. of wlxielx the following is :x specification.

M V invention relates to improvements in internal eoxxxlxnstion engines and has parlieular rel'exeuee. to inxproren'xentS in the ralx'es :unl \':xl\'e mechanisms of such engines.

'lhe general nlxjeets ol' nx invention are to ixxereagel thev power. ellieielleyY :unl fllel econonx \r ol" internal euxxxlxustinn engines: (leffx'ease the wear iueiilexxl'. to power [iroilnw lion. or. in other words. ilxerezxHe the lle olf ain-lx exxgifne: reiluee aml. as far ai; possible. elixninale.v llxe. noi. e iueiilent to operation; :xml lo lewen (he rilual'inn ol' Snell engines \\'lxe;xx running.

.\ l'nrlxezohjeef ol my invention is to lxx'ornle a main \'al\e :xml assorialeil `partS ol';`1m-h :xnxple dimensions t'lxal' the neeessary nxofenxeux':-l ol llxe \-:xlx'e shall lle aeromxxliHlxexl easily :nul noiselessly.

lurilxex ohjeet, olx my ilxx'enlion is to |xxrwiile a multiple x \'limler iuiernal Comlnxalion engine. wherein llxe -..\-limler.\' Shall he so ax'rangeil :unl eouneeleil (hahllxe ingrea :xml egress ol' the gases to :xml from the. rarionI cylinder` shall he l'arililalml nml wherein ilxe llnw nl' the 'fuel gas shall he equally Vl'ree lo :xll ol' (he erlimlers.

.\l inrenliou eoxxeistsl iu :xn iuiernal eomhusl'ioxx 4en 'ine having the x'lxaraxflexislies almx'e oni'lineil :xml haring one or more power e. \'ximlers eaelx prm'iilehl with a enmlxineil inlell :xml nullel; \:x|\=e reeipxoeall'i-Y xnonnteil,*within the exxxlnxiog'i spare of the.

e'vlimler. eirexnxxl'exenlially arranged inlet :xml exhaust ports entering ,-;:xi l spaee :nul eoutrnlleil hy saiil valve. :xnrl meelxailislu operatively Venuueeling tlxe.\'al\'e 'wil-lx Llxe. eugimx shaft..

My ixxx'eulion further eonsfisls iu :xu interxxal eonxlnistion xxxxilt-iple erlimler engine having ineaelx nl its e \'limler.\ :x reeiproeating halanee. valve arrangeil -within ite explosion space, :nlapieil lao control relatively long inlet :xml eXluxus'l'. ports. aml saiil en gine luiring relatively` large inlel :xml exA haunt. g Q eliamhers common to :xml unilixxg :xll of the inlet :xml exhaust porlx refaierVv tively.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application led December 18. i911.

Pa 1lren led Bia-y u., 1mm.

serial No. 666.445.

seelion on he lille Ix-- :x A i le eleration of the engine. partly in eentral .aeetion and haring a portion broken awa)Y to show the. eamS: Fig. 5 is a liori- Zxuxtal sei-fion through the eonnnon fuel gas snxxnlr elxamher :xml inletl mori-s on the line 5mi nl' Fig. l: and ["ig. (9 is a section simi-V lar to Fig. L. hut tala-n through the exhaust ports :xml eonxmon exhaust chamber on the, line om'. of Figl 1 `l\'lxile T have elxnsen t0 ilhitrate my invention :xs applied to the. emxstr'xir-.tien oi a .\i.\( '.\'limler engine adapted for nSe in atom-ohilea` iV lxonhl he umlers'oml that the inxexxlion is .-xlsoappliealxle tosingle eylindei engines :xml oher xuulixxlee` :leaigned for 'he.

mine :xml oher Hees,

'l'lxe development nl' the iniernal comln$- lion engine ''ox use in automobiles has shown llxe xlesiralxiliii' of' improvement along nxuxxhex' ol' lines, For instance. it is desir- :xlile (hal llxe ratio of the poeihle power (ie- \'elo]xxuexxt lo he weight ol the engine he ixxereaeeil: that. the noise :xml rilxrsxtion inei- :lenl lo the operation of the engine he limi nzxte l lo lxe greatest', exi'ent possihle. nire: that the eost of eonftrnetion he refhieeil :is mueh :xe` possible while xnzxinhxining the. nxeelxanieal ellieieney. '.ilxese lesirahle Owls: are :xtlxxineil in engines emhodying my 'inven- (ioxx. uml in the following description of the engine illustrated the various :nl'antageons 'l'ealux'es ol my in'rentimrand the. functions xl`tlxe related parts and mechanisms Will be.

As illustrated in the drawings, I prefer to malx'e the. engine of wo main castings, the upper one A containing the cylinders, :xml (he lower one B loin'iing the base and eranl; ezxiuxnfl (he izwo parte are holted log-ether. The ex'anhv shaft. 3 extends l0ngiuxlixxallv through the. :frank ease, and Yis supxxxxrled in .'xxitahle hearings 4, and (i, llxe hearings4 4 aml G benigni-ranged :it the llll ends of engine and the `nearing; 5 at the middle. vides the six crank pins of a six cylinder engine, as shown, into two groups of three each. The individual pins in each grou of three are equally spaced around the cran circle, that. these crank pins are spaced 3.20 degrees apart and consequently each group of three crank pins isthus perfectly balanced. I prefer to form the cranks projecting' radially from the center line of the shaft in each instance, and this provides a shaft which is substantially evenly balanced between each tWo bearings, that is, the weight is evenly distributed circumferentially around the shaft and added counterhalanced weights are not required, which is not the case in shafts of this kind where adjacent. crank pins'are arranged at l2()v degrees from each other, and wherein the hearings are spaced at other positions than between groups of three crank pins. The cylinders 7 are arranged vertically above the crank shaft parallel with one another and each thereof is closed at its upper end by an interally formed head 8. The vim-king portions of thecylinders and their .heads are surrounded by the water space 9 formed between the cylinder walls and the outer Wall or jacket l0 and the water Iiacket .is `provided with the Water inlet and ontlet connections 9 and 9 respec'tivt .lv The pistons 11 reciprocate vertically in the cylinders and each is connected to its rrsg'rective crank pin 19,. of the crank shaft 3 by means of a connecting rod il. Each piston is provided with a suitable paci-:ing ring 1.3 arranged adjacent to its upper end. This ring preferably comprises a solid or uncut ring of suitable material mounted in an annular groove 16 and held therewith by means of a screw followenl secured upon the upper end of the piston. The upper end 18 ot' the cylinder extends beyond the path of the piston to form lthe compression or combustion chamber 7 and within this space I mount a piston valve 2l adapted to control the flow of gases to and from thc cylinder. I provide inlet and eX- haust ports l5) and 20 respectively, in the cylindrical wall of the compression space 7 and I preferably make these port-scircmnferential, i. e., I extend each of them completely around the cylinder andA I arrange them parallel with each other and in planes at right angles to the axisof the cyl-ir Ver. '.ihe piston valve 2l controls these port.;x and reciprocatcd in the compression space to open and close the ports in timed relation to the nwvcmcnts ofthe piston. While tile combustion chamber could be made of any suitable diameter relatively t0 the diameter ofthe cylinder, I prefer 'to make it oia such a diameter that I can insert the valve tl'iroughtlie lower end of the This arrangement of bearings diA cylinder, as this construction avoids the necessity of a separate cylinder head. As shown in the ravvings, the valve and the combustion chamber are substantiall of equal diameter with the cylinder. This reduces the cost of manufacture, as in this instance the compression chamber constitutes simply an extension of the cylinder and the interior cylinder surface thereof can be more cheaply finished than if a different diameter were employed. Furthermore, by making the combustion chamber the samev diameter as the cylinder, I provide the longest ports possible in theform of cylinder 'construction illustrated,=these ports being relatively so long they can be quite narrow and yet afford ample port area when open.

The piston valve 21 is in the form of a solid or uncut ring and is provided on its periphery with packingl rings 22 and 23 which fit the inner cylindrical surface of the valve chamber and are adapted to close the ports 19,and 20. The ends of the valves are arranged at right angles to the axis of the cylinder and hence they are parallcl.\\'ith the ports. The rings are retained in posiltion upon the body of the valve by means of an integral annular flange 24 on the lower end of the valve and a screw-threaded adjustable annular flange 24 on the upper end oi' the valve. The packing rings are separated longitudinally by means of a loose spacing ring 25, and when once the valve has been assci'nbled thc packing rings and thc body of the valw` forni a substantially unitarv structure. The annular langcs 24 and y d4/Vas well as thc ring 25' are ot' sliohtl loss s .V v(hamctcr than the cylinder and consequently do not contact. with the cylinder. The rings which I employ are slightly comprcssihlc, that is, they can bo formed by pressure and consequently when they wear so that they do not properly contact with the cylinder wall they can be sct out to it the cylinder by compressing them longitudinally by screwing thc follower 24 on to the body of thc valve and thus forcing to increase their outer diameter. 'lhcsc rings arc solid. or. in other words, endless, and they arc made of .such material that thcy substantially have no resiliency and as they consequently rctnn their form they ride over the ports without springing into them. The rings 22 and 23 arc of greater width than the ports preferably abput three times as wide and therefore when they are centrally over thc ports they lap over at each side upon thc cylinder wall and prevent the passage of gas through the ports. The spacing of the ports corresponds with the spacing of thc rings and therefore when the piston is in midposition, spanning the two ports, both ports ring 25 as narrow as is practical in order (ill that the ports may he Close logethei: lt 'will now he seen that as the ports are relatively Close together the valve an he iliiie Short and hence it eau he inaile light in weight Furthermore`r the ports.` lil iiiiil ift heiiii nur row necessitate hut a short up :mii flume movement ol the valve to t'iillj; onen :mil close the, porta` anil henee the aerl; required, of the Valve moving;r niei-liiiiiisin i not @were The valve if; :ietiiateil hy i ruhe will This roil. prole ahl}v extends through thei iiiiler l1 lafl H concentric with the hore ol e'vliniler anil thc `ioint hetweeii the rofl :imi the ovlintler heail is paekeil hir :i suitable stiilliiitgr hoX 2H. The valve is Iiioi'iileil u ith :i ventral hiili 2l' in Whith the louer fini iii' the valve, roil is rigidly Seeiizerl mil tina huh is eoniieeteil with the hotly QP o thi' wiie hy arim4 2H. The Valve ruil in; iii its upper enfl with a ifonneetion lf hy means of which the valve can he e'il'erzitiwj/ neeteil to the valve operating niei'haiiirim movement up anil downA` The valve iinil the eyliiiiloi hurt ass :i 'angled provide for the opening of the t haiiSt port when the valve rises, :imi tl opening ot' the inlet port, when the valve Sei-nils. The main hotly or they hulk of prorated l hout thawing throiiui from the c vliniler Wit the 'alve anil the ineoining relatiiel); ror fresh gases pass ilownwarilly into the iler through the valvi-` anil thiy :nove: mi; i; the gases out ot' ani! into the eiliiiilleiiih to keep the valve at :is low :i tenziiei uur possihle. l malte the roniliiixliiiii @umh-1" 7 ol' siillieient length to :ieionniim'ate th valve :mil il.-l inoieinenl` anil for the ifirpew oll providing:l a eonihiislion ehiiniher n" the proper volume relative te the ilisiilfie-ifi-.iriii oll the piston l ileiirerwx or lower ihr portion oll (he P Vliiiilir liiatl. .ii'uli'fiile"e .il 'H'. :intl this portion of he Vliiiier enters within the .inner ein] of the the valve rises to open thi exhaust i fw the porn are i-iriiiinl'rren.iri other owl-a e\'tienil elear ai'oiiiiil .tf iler. the im igeleading ifi the por quite ,-.liori: in liar-t. their leiifzh iiiineil hy llie thil'ltnrsri of the i'lvliiiiir: willA ln a .single erliniler these filmri :it onee into relalirel) lai-j i'e elfi-imi! i-lisinihers whirl! rieiwi'. in the ina-linee oi' The inlet port. io priniile ii i'elalii'elj.' aie'f: olA ga in the iiiiiiieilinle .'il'iiiit'a' i l lli-- in iiimition to llou' into the iglindei :'V e 'minion oiiei the port if; open. Thi# mruetion the i 'i i iwi lilii'iii iiiiielii-,wr @mais inetlioil olI lilliirg lliu ovini-iler willi the un llou` into the erliiilei: l'riin :ill :iliter (he liiiiiiner ol' liiling' hiiu lf; pressing' ii helouv the #urlare-ol' liiiiiiil. ln 'rlie mannerilie la liereiitial iliziniher i-oiiiieileii with ille i"- hziiist port ii`i i lis in the exhaiift. ol' gi viii-mir lri im the ovl' fix lli:

M iii. eiiii .i enipoyeil. engines; l dispongo ln iiiiillsili` filiiiilffi with alla between ,m r-1-.ri=.-i on ling vii* ,:iinilerential chanihrrs of the single cylinilerfi. lliorehy i'iroriiling a Common Fuel supi lv i iiiiher Si) amil :i similar common ir ehainoer ill connect nu rimpeetively `-iiiiit'eieni inlet ports wilma-.1ct paris` @m71 liiiih o? whirli eliaiii extend oiigitiiilisiully throughout the h otz the ei The large. eoinn'ion u ieri :fugfply ihgiinhei thus prorileil renults 2r. ere winga large lioilj,` ol liel gai. in th,A Aiiiinwizite vie'ii'iiy ot :inil ifoininoii to :eil i iniiet fiorisiii poiton lo llew intr-V airif ijliiiiiei liieetljv the inlet purtthereof if` openeil. :inii eoiiseiiuwitlj' a repel ilow ol' fuel as i 'rough the iianilolil whirh eoniieeta the iiiihiiretir rith the his eliaiiiher is more neCeSsarip common exhaust rhiiuihi-r oi" the hinil which I employ serves not only to permit. instantaneous anil free eniwiiie ef the gril-es ei' i'onihiietioii from the` :"i'hnilrr through the erii'muiiferentizxl ex- I gant. liuit .slew Seru to materially iiiiillr. .liwimy in preven the noise ordinafioiliieeil les the eretiiiiing gamas. This rwiiill7 lmiii the liiot that, the 5:1 ing e'inigiri wail as the? esoaiie iwteviil of i iiiilri within :i rel tively @infill iiififlitifm :iiefinnteil E." Ii hier o' the engine parallel iiiiiii'i im ef lli) . tion 29 and its outer end connected with the upper end of the reciprocating rod 45V h v means of a lilik 5l. The lowery end of the cam rod.49 is provided with a cam pin 4S adapted to enter a cam groove 47 provided in the side face of the cam, and this lower end 49 of the rod is bifurcated to straddle the 'am shaft which assists in retaining this end of the rod laterally in place while permitting the rod to be vertically reciprocated. This cam rod is mounted in the vertical guidel 50 which is Secured upon the upper face of the lower casting B, 'l`lu` inner end i0 of the walking beam longer than the outer end and the two ende` are so propoi tioned that the relatively small movement provided bv the cam groove is increased sufiicientlv to move the valve. its propelI distance. The, connection of the inner end o0 of the walking beam with the upper end of the valve rod is such that thc valve rod can move freely up and down through the stnll ing box 28 without lateral pressure due to the swinging movement ot' the walking beam. 'l`ho connection '.29 comprises two spaced collars .il and the end 430 of the walking beam is bitureatedV and the termination (30 of each part is in cylindrical form of a diameter to lit betweenthe two collars 29. 'l`hc cams :frei what may be termed face cams, that is," each y'cam grooveI 47 is arranged in one of, the eide faces of the cam and in order to keep the lowe'r end 4S) of the. cam rod properly positioned in relation to the face, ol the `cani l provide a washer plate 40 rigidly secured upon the shaft between which and the Jface of the cam the lower end of the cani rod is free to reciprocate. The cani shalt with its cams is mounted in theyupper portion oll the base ot' the engine` alud in order to properly lubrieate tln` cams I inclose the cams in a casing by means'of an interior partition wall (35. and l provide an oil pump in the lower part of the engine base driven from the cam shaft through a pair ot' screw gears 57. 'lhis pump draws oil from the oil hase (SS ol' Ythe engine and dclivers it into the casing G5. The heightl of the oil in this cam casing is determined by an overllow pipe (3i) through which the sur ilus oil returns to the hase of the engine. vhe valves of the various cylinders in the multiple cylinder engine are caused to move in their proper time relation relative to the Avention to the specific structure vi l show thc three prize the valve. i. 13:1' l have shown they inlet port oponga( l l have shown the exnausliport open ain vt iii l have `shown the vain-iu mhipwliion in which position both ports: are cioscl.. AS the engine iliustrateil is what is known as a tour-cycle engine. the valve remains' in iis mid-position during the uanpreasion and explosion .strokca ol the piston. or, in other words. during one complete revolution ol' the engiml shaft asnd it then mover; upwardiy to open the exhaust port. lhia inoveineiu of# cupying substantiallv one halt of he next revolution ol' the yshaft. A\l the end oi thc exhauat period the valve moves downwardly to open the inlet pori and then back to its.' mid-position. this inoxen-.cut to pui and close the inlet pori oef. apying en yfaiiv the next half rrvolmioa nl' ille fa tt. lt will now la` apparent 12ml th" onz.' in' "e mem ol the alve ar time when there is pressure in the cyliiuierf-z occurs eher: it opens the exhaust 'port Eau ;rlhe -lvalve is a complete ring. and is thro. time il: a practical sense inexpansvhle` ev-n l is time it does` not contact with the cylinder rral wifh any greater pressure than al am other times and consequently it .loef` nel reduire any great amount ot power c o crate the valve ()ne important :almnaee aximng from the long circulufereniial pori and the rela-l tively large fuel gar-1 chemiui in immediate connection therewith that the movement ol' the vulve to open i inlet port can be delayed.` In other the alo! of the cam which provideV .n .n.oveuunt ot' lhe valve can he much more gradual i-han in the usual construction. the result. of being that the valvc if; not ouiv eaalj.' 'moved lult the valve mechanism is vere quiet. 'ii-l mosl silent in its opemtion. at least een pared with the usua puppet valve eiastiiaif tion. A further advantage which .nerves from this construction is that l provide an engine which can be throttled down to a very low speed and yet have a powa-,etui torque, for the reesxm that as the cviindera always receive their full quota, of' fuel gas unndulterated by free air, the explosions are not interrupted as frequently occurs when an ordinary puppet valve engine ia throttled to a very low speed.

As many modifications of my invention will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art` I do not confine or limit my in herein illt ivo

upper end to Iorm a compression space, endless circumferential ports in the walls of the .cylinder for the inlet and exhaust of the reciprocating said valve in timed relation With the reciprocations of the piston.

9. In a multiple cylinder internal combustion engine, a plurality of power cylinders arranged parallel with each other, a reciprocating piston in each said cylinder, an endless circumferential inlet port in the cylindrical Wall of each cylinder adjacent to its upper lend, said engine being provided with a continuous fuel gas supply chamber completely encircling each of said cylinders and in free communication with the whole extent of each of said inlet ports, a similaiendless circumferential exhaust port in each said cylinder arranged parallel with and spaced from said inlet port, said engine be ing provided with an exhaust chamber com pletely encircling each of said cylinders and in free comnninication with the whole extent of each of said exhaust ports and a, reciprocating piston ralve for each cylinder for controlling the ports thereof.

10. In a multiple cylinder engine having a plurality of parallel power cylinders, a fuel gas supply chamber common to and surrounding all of said cylinders and an exhaust chamber arranged below said fuel supply chamber and common to and sur rounding` all of said cylinders, each of said cylinders having a circumferential port in its upper end opening directly into said fuel Supply chamber around the whole circumference of the cylinder, a similar circumferential exhaust port parallel with and spaced below said inlet port and opening directly into said exhaust chamber around the whole circumference of the cylinder and a piston valve within cach cylinder for controlling the ports thereof.

11. In an internal combustion engine a power cylinder, in combination with a pist0n arranged to reciprocate therein, two

circumferential ports in the wall of the cyl* inder beyond the path of the movement of the pist-on, the wall of the cylinder bein;r completely secured by each said port; e sleeve valve within the cylinder of a length to close both of said ports at the same time, and means for reciprocating said valve, in timed relation with the movements of the piston, for opening and closing said ports.

12. In an internal combustion engine a power cylinder. in combination with a piston arranged to reciprocate therein, two ports in the wall oll the cviinder cuir-inline entirelVv around the cylinder :nel arranged 7 one above the other beyond the pain of the movement of the pistou. a sleeve valve w nir in the cylinder of a length to close both of said ports at the saine time, and ineens for reciprocating said valvm in time with the '75 movements of the piston. for altornai/clil opening and closing said ports.

l5. ln :in internal combustion english: a power cylinder. .in combination uitli :i pis ton arranged to rceipiwfan inercia. two se snbstantiallv parallel ports in #he wail nl the cylinder one abouI the otra: beyond the path of the movement nl the piston and each thereof extending a complete armonici ence, ,a sleeve valve nithin the ryiindrr il" a length to close both of saidportf-y :it the same time, and means bperativeiy connor-i ing the valve and piston for reeiprocating said valve, in time with the movement nf the piston.y for opening and closing i. ports.

14, In an internal combustion engin:A the combination with a c vlina'ler and a 'power piston reciprecating therein. of two ports in the cylindrical wall of the cylinder abeve ltlio upper position of the piston, each ol said ports beingl longitudinally tonal to the circnniference of the cylinder, a cylindrical valve member within vthe cylinder the pe' riphcry of which closes said perte. onlinr-,ans 'lor reciprmaring the valve to open and close the ports alternately.

i3. ln an internal combi tion engine the combination with a t-,ylin e: :nid a power piston reciprmzating therein. oi" two endless circumferential ports in the zj-,ylindi'ical Wall of the cylinder above the upper poaition of the pistmi. a cyii 'ical mirc member within the cylinderV i com ollinff 1 and packing disposed in 'the the valve member serving ports when the *faire is in mi and means for Lanvin.: said with the reciprocations of 1 v open and close said lll. In an ritcrnul combination with 't piston reciproccitin;

circumferemisl we einfine, thc l a prayer 'f enflwir . I .Le v ports xn tra combination with a cylinder and a power` piston rec1procat1ng,r therein, of two endless circumferential parallel ports 1n the cylindrical wall of the eyIinder beyond the path of the piston, a rin -lilie valve member Inovable within the cylinder for controlling said ports and endless adjustable packing ringe disposed in the ber and servin f to close both ports when the valve is in midposition, and means for moving said valve in time with reciprocations of the piston, to open and close said ports.

1S. In an internal combustion engine, a power cylinder, in combination with a piston arranged to reciprocate therein, two substantially parallel ports in the wall of the cylinder` one above the other beyond the path of the piston and each thereof extending' completely around the cylinder, a ring valve within the cylinder for Controlling said ports, endless pliable metallic packing,r rings in the periphery of the ring valve adapted to open and close said ports and means carried by the valve whereby said rings can be expanded in diameter.

1S). In an internal combustion engine, a

periphery of the valve mem-- power cylinder, in combination with a piston movable therein, tvo substantially parallel ports in the wall 0f the Cylinder, e'ach thereof extending completely around the cylinder, a sleeve valve within the cylinder` for controlling said a circumferential ports, the valve having groove in its periphery, a malleable endless metallic ring' completely filling the groove, and in Contact with the wall of the cylinder, and a packing compressing` ring carried by the valve.

Q0. In a, multiple cylinder engine, a pluralit, `v of cylinders each thereof havingl a port in its evlindrical wall which is endless and extends a complete circumference, in combination with a continuous chambersnrrounding each of said cylinders and having free communication with the whole of each ot said ports.

In testimony whereof. I have hereunto set my hand. this lith day of December, lflll, in the presence or" two subscribing witnesses.

RALPH H. ROSENBERG. itnesses (Humala GILBERT HAwLnY, M4 SIMON. 

